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The easiest way to become a knowledgeable user of GIS, is to go online and grab yourself a copy of xtools pro. In the last few years, ArcGIS has been developed by ESRI and has become the most popular GIS software program in use by professionals today. The software is capable of analyzing data from many sources including aerial photos, satellite imagery, scanned maps and GPS data. It also offers the user a variety of tools for digital mapping such as line graphs and point clusters. Point clusters are used when you want to add little symbols such as dots or squares for example when drawing your layout map. xTools can also be used in conjunction with various GIS platforms such as Excel and open source GIS applications such as QGIS. A much better known ArcGIS alternative is ESRI's ArcEditor, developed specifically for Windows and OS X. It provides much of the same functionality as xTools Pro, but also offers a number of additional tools such as an exporter tool, a shapefile editor and a 'scan' tool for creating point features out of scanned maps. ArcGIS is an ever-growing suite of GIS (Geographic Information System) software and information and supports millions of users worldwide. GIS is a term that describes, among other things, a technology and discipline that uses spatial and temporal data and geographic coordinates and maps. It provides a framework for displaying and analyzing information in digital formats, as well as for analyzing the spatial relationships between different features. The GIS discipline arose out of the need to manage large amounts of geographically related data. In early 19th century Europe, it was realized that each village or municipality should have its own record book containing the names of every citizen, with information regarding known medical problems, tradespeople and their addresses. This led to an interest in collecting data from across a region or country into one location that could then be accessed by any interested party. The need for detailed, accurate maps of the terrain also led to the development of the Mercator projection system for nautical charts. This was known as the 'Marine Chart' system, and it appeared on nautical charts until the 1960s. Studies of how to map routes across the world were undertaken by explorers such as James Cook who documented his route around New Zealand in detail on his own published chart, which is still available today. These early efforts at mapping by explorers led to improvements in mapping techniques that enabled landmasses to be accurately surveyed with some degree of accuracy. The first publication of a map using more modern techniques was undertaken by Guillaume Delisle in 1776. The first printed map to use a modern projection was published by David Rumsey. The first printed atlas using the Mercator projection was produced in 1791 by Henry Maudslay. Advancements in surveying instruments made it possible to survey large areas accurately, and this led to the concept of a 'cartographic base'. As early as 1813 a pioneer in cartography named John Arrowsmith, or John Arrowsmith as he is also known, worked on a methodology that he described as " "Planisferic Hachination" ", which could be better described as 'mathematical cartography'. Arrowsmith is credited with developing the still-used outlines of modern GIS databases based on rectangular coordinates. eccc085e13
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